| Imperialism in China Outline |
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·
Early contacts with
Europeans
o
16th century –
Portuguese traded for silk and tea
o
Portuguese followed by the
Dutch and English
·
Chinese history
o
1644 – conquered by Manchus
§
Qing dynasty
§
Chinese forced to wear pigtails (sign of subservient status)
o
18th century
§
Manchus began restricting Europeans – missionaries and traders
·
First Opium War
(1839-1842)
o
British brought opium from
India to Canton
§
Many Chinese became addicts
o
Chinese emperor forbade opium
imports
§
War between British and Chinese
o
Treaty of Nanking (1842)
§
Four additional British ports in China
·
Amoy, Ningpo, Foochow,
Shanghai
§
British control over Hong Kong
§
China had to pay an indemnity
§
China limited to 5% tariff
·
Other Westerners in China
o
Belgium, France, Holland
(Netherlands), Portugal, Prussia (Germany), United States
o
Spheres of influence
§
Exclusive trading areas
o
Extraterritoriality
§
Tried in their own courts and under their own laws
·
Second Opium War
(1856-1860)
o
Also known as the Arrow War
o
Results
§
More Chinese ports opened up to European trade
§
Opium traffic legalized
§
Protection of Christian missionaries
§
All foreign vessels could navigate the Yangtze River
§
U.S. and Russia also participated in peace process
·
Russia’s border extended to
Amur River
o
Maritime Provinces – Pacific
area without permafrost
o
Founded Vladivostok in 1860
·
More foreign control of
China
o
Annam, etc.
§
Merged into French Indo-China (1883)
o
Burma (Myanmar)
§
Annexed by British (1886)
o
Formosa
§
Attacked and taken by Japanese (1895)
o
Korea
§
Annexed by Japanese (1910)
o
Liaotung Peninsula
(Manchuria)
§
Concessions to Japanese (1910)
·
Manchuria
o
Imperial powers (particularly
Japan and Russia) vied for control of the Manchurian Railway
o
France, Germany, and Russia
coerced Japan to return the Liaotung Peninsula to China
·
New Scramble for China
o
France
§
Kwangchow – 99-year lease
o
Germany
§
Shantung Peninsula – sphere of influence
o
Great Britain
§
Wei-hai-wei – naval base
§
Yangtze valley – sphere of influence
o
Russia
§
Liaotung Peninsula – lease
§
Manchuria – economic concessions
·
Boxer Rebellion (1900)
o
Chinese people resented
foreign influence and power
o
Order of the Patriotic
Harmonious Fists
§
Called “Boxers” by Westerners
§
Demanded that foreigners leave China
§
Killed circa 300 and vandalized foreign property
o
European imperialists,
Americans, and Japanese put down the rebellion
o
China paid $333,000,000.00 in
damages and had to permit military forces in Peking (modern-day
Beijing) and Tientsin
·
Fall of the Qing (Manchu)
dynasty
o
Empress Dowager Cixi
(1835-1908)
§
De facto
Chinese monarch (1861-1908)
§
“Make me unhappy for a day and I will make you unhappy for a
lifetime.”
§
Conservative and anti-foreign
§
Blamed by many Chinese for foreign imperialist power in China
o
Emperor Puyi – the “last
emperor”
§
Lived 1906-1967
§
Ruled China 1908-1912, and as a puppet for 12 days in 1917
§
Puppet emperor of Manchukuo (Japanese-ruled Manchuria),
1932-1945
§
Spent ten years in a Soviet prison after WWII
§
Lived a quiet life as a regular citizen in communist China
§
Died of disease during the Cultural Revolution (1967)
·
Republican Revolution
o
Sun Yat-sen (a.k.a. Sun
Yixian)
§
Founded Kuomintang (Nationalist party)
·
Overthrew Manchu (Qing)
dynasty
·
Established a republic
·
President of Chinese Republic
that succeeded him – Yuan Shih-k’ai
·
Republic of China –
weaknesses
o
Disunity
§
Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control
§
Wars raged between 1912 and 1928
o
Foreign imperialists
§
Americans, Europeans, and Japanese
o
Poor transportation
§
1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track
·
225,000 miles in the smaller
United States
§
Few decent roads
·
Foreign imperialists
o
Twenty-One Demands (1915)
§
Japan attempted to make China a Japanese protectorate
§
Action condemned and stopped by other leading world powers
o
World War I and the Treaty of
Versailles
§
China attempted to abolish concessions and extraterritoriality
·
Attempt failed
§
China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles
§
Japan gained mandate over most of Germany’s Asian possessions
and rights
·
Three Principles of the People
o
Book published by Sun Yat-sen
before his death in 1925
1.
Principle of Minquan
a.
Democracy – the people are
sovereign
2.
Principle of Minzu
a.
Nationalism – an end to
foreign imperialism
3.
Principle of Minsheng
a.
Livelihood – economic
development, industrialization, land reform, and social welfare
– elements of progressivism and socialism
·
Growth of communism
o
Sun Yat-sen appealed for
Russian (Soviet) aid following the Versailles Conference
§
1921-1925 – China received advisors, arms, communist propaganda,
and loans
§
Russia revoked its imperialist rights in China
·
The Kuomintang is split
o
Right wing
§
Businesspeople
§
Politicians
o
Left wing
§
Communists
§
Intellectuals
§
Radicals
§
Students
·
Nationalist Revolution
o
Sun Yat-sen succeeded by
Chiang Kai-shek
o
Communists expelled by
Kuomintang
o
1926-1928 – war to control
the warlords
o
Capital moved from Peiping
(a.k.a. Peking, today’s Beijing) to Nanking (a.k.a. Nanjing)
·
Civil war in China
o
1927-1932 and 1933-1937 – war
between Communists and Nationalists
o
Communists – Mao Tse-tung
(Mao Zedong)
o
Nationalists – Chiang
Kai-shek
o
War halted 1932-1933 and
1937-1945 to fight Japanese aggression
o
Communists were victorious in
1949
o
Nationalists retreated to
Formosa (Taiwan)
o
End of imperialism in China
§
Hong Kong returned to China in 1997
·
Review questions
o
What Chinese goods were
sought by European traders?
o
What were the consequences of
the First and Second Opium Wars?
o
Describe the Open Door
Policy.
o
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
o
What were Japan’s Twenty-One
Demands?
o
Describe Sun Yat-sen’s three
principles.
o
What area of China remained
under British control until 1997? |
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