Byzantine Empire Writing Exercises Handout #2 | Student Handouts
 
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Byzantine Empire Writing Exercises Handout #2
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Answer each of the following questions using complete sentences. 1. Describe Byzantine contributions to the field of engineering. 2. Compare and contrast the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. 3. What was Constantinople’s role in the Crusades?
 
 
Byzantine Empire Writing Exercises Handout #2 - Free to print (PDF file). For high school European History and World History classes.
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The Byzantines made significant contributions to engineering, particularly in architecture and military technology. They perfected the use of the pendentive dome, exemplified by the Hagia Sophia, which combined vast interior spaces with structural stability. Byzantine engineers also developed advanced fortifications, including massive walls like those of Constantinople, which featured multiple layers and defensive towers. Innovations in hydraulic engineering, such as aqueducts and sophisticated water systems, further showcased their technical expertise.

The Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches share foundational Christian beliefs but differ in practices and theology. The Orthodox Church rejects the Pope's authority, emphasizing conciliar leadership, while the Catholic Church recognizes the Pope as the supreme spiritual leader. The Orthodox Church uses the Julian calendar and conducts liturgy in Greek or local languages, whereas the Catholic Church traditionally uses the Gregorian calendar and Latin (though local languages are now common). These differences led to the 1054 Great Schism.

Constantinople played a critical role in the Crusades as a strategic gateway between Europe and the Holy Land. It served as a staging ground and supply base for Crusader armies. The Byzantine Empire's emperors often negotiated with Crusaders for military assistance or passage. Tensions culminated in the Fourth Crusade (1202-1204), when Crusaders disastrously sacked Constantinople, weakening Byzantine power and leading to its eventual fall to the Ottomans in 1453.
 
 
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